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A Contrastive Analysis Of Vietnamese And English English Language Essay

A Contrastive Analysis Of Vietnamese And English Language Essay Nobody can deny the way that social qualities impact the utilization of language, particularly discourse acts. Numerous analysts have led the investigations of the contrastive examination of discourse acts between students local language and the objective language to assist students with improving their informative ability. In my exposition, I have the consideration of doing an examination on the discourse demonstration of consent in Vietnamese and English in light of the fact that the discourse demonstration of authorization is generally utilized in regular associations and assumes a significant job in correspondence. In particular, I center around the best approach to request authorization and a few articulations of offering consent to bring up likenesses and contrasts as far as syntactic and semantic recipes among Vietnamese and English. In Vanderveken s see, By articulating sentences with regards to utilization of characteristic dialects, speakers endeavor to perform illocutionary acts, for example, explanations, questions, affirmations, demands, guarantees, statements of regret, orders offers and refusals. (Vanderveken, 1990, p. 7). They are called discourse acts. It may not be a distortion to state that acing the utilization of discourse acts is basic and handy. All the more significantly, the cross-culture investigation of discourse acts should be contributed in light of the fact that the cross-culture investigation of discourse acts is fundamental to comprehension of global correspondence (Eisenstein, 1989, p. 199) and Rosaldo likewise alerts that Violations of social standards of suitability in connections among local and nonnative speakers frequently lead to sociopragmatic disappointment, breakdowns in correspondence and the generalizing of nonnative speakers. (Rosaldo, as refered to in Hinkel, Long, Richards, 2006). That is the reason authorization which is one of the normally utilized discourse acts ought to be considered in all regards. As per Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000), the thing consent has two implications. It is characterized as the demonstration of permitting someone to accomplish something, particularly when this is finished by someone in a place of power. In addition, another importance of authorization is an authority composed explanation permitting someone to accomplish something. In my paper, I simply center around the primary significance to talk about consent discourse act which makes up a high extent in each connection. In this way, requesting authorization is the demonstration of needing to know whether an individual can accomplish something or use something or not. Ex: Can I utilize your bicycle? In Vietnamese word reference (2010), the meaning of requesting authorization (xin phã ©p) is very like English definition. It is likewise used to ensure that an individual is permitted to accomplish something. Ex: Tã'i cã ³ th㠡⠻æ' s㠡⠻â ­ d㠡⠻â ¥ng mã ¡y tã ­nh c㠡â »a b㠡⠺â ¡n Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ £c khã'ng? In every day life, at whatever point an individual needs to accomplish something or utilizations something that has a place with someone else, its essential to request consent. It is on the grounds that requesting authorization shows his/her regard for other people and builds the odds that his/her solicitation will be conceded. Be that as it may, the declarations of requesting authorization are diversely communicated by various individuals in various societies. The discourse demonstrations of requesting authorization is surely confounding and muddled. In this way, the addressers should give a lot of consideration to the requesting authorization articulations in order to make a gracious consent that is destined to be conceded by the power and abstain from making an authorization which will be expected as kidding, inconsiderateness or mockery. Additionally, expressions used to give consent ought to be profoundly worried so as to know the expectations which the addresser really needs to state or to do. These aims are uncovered in the requesting authorization articulations. In the past examinations, specialists mull over requesting consent. They researched some special components including in the manner to request authorization from others. They are: ethnic contrast, sexual orientation distinction, circumstance distinction or economic wellbeing contrast. There is no uncertainty at all that The manner in which individuals request authorization, to more noteworthy degree, is influenced by the circumstance wherein requesting consent is communicated diverse social foundation of the speakers. (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). At the end of the day, social qualities or standards of conduct are probably going to be liable for creating various methods of requesting consent. In the wake of exploring the articulations communicated by the Chinese and Javanese understudies of SMU Krisyen petra 3 in requesting authorization for disappearing, Soehartono Sianne clarify that Each ethnic has distinctive conclusion about what pleasantness is (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). As a matter of fact, as indicated by Samovar and Porter, the thought that is profoundly established in the English talking society is independence (2000, p.67). One of the quality of independence is that individuals in English talking society, particularly the American accepted all individuals have individual security. For example, anyone mustnt step into anothers house without consent. No one has the privilege to peruse any others letter even guardians mustnt read their childrens private letters. That is the motivation behind why individuals ought to request authorization paying little mind to age, societal position and relationship. Individuals will be rebuffed on the off chance that they encroach upon any others individual protection with the inspiration of interest, benefit or malignance. It is on the grounds that individual security is regarded exceptionally and ensured by law in these nations. Closeness, the Vietnamese additionally exceptionally respect requesting consent. Previously, Vietnamese predecessors make numerous significant people melodies, adages so as to show family how to carry on well, build up and keep up social compatibilities. For instance: H㠡⠻⠍c Äæ'n, h㠡⠻⠍c nã ³i, h㠡⠻⠍c gã ³i, h㠡⠻⠍c m㠡⠻å ¸ Another adage: Ä⠐i thã†â °a v㠡⠻⠁ trã ¬nh Also, Huynh clarifies that: In Vietnamese society, the overwhelming conclusion in the connection between individuals from a social gathering is regard. This is especially obvious in the demeanor towards more established individuals. Regard and thought for mature age no uncertainty get from the commitment of dutiful devotion that requires youngsters to regard and love their folks and parent-like individuals from the family. (Huynh, n.d.). Thusly, nobody can deny the way that individuals need to request consent to get hitched, remain for the time being at the companions house, ect despite the fact that they are mature enough to decide. Vietnamese individuals accept that if youngsters defy the older folks guidance, they will endure terrible outcomes of their activities Cã ¡ khã'ng Äæ'n mu㠡⠻‘i cã ¡ Æ⠰ã†â ¡n Con cã £i cha m㠡⠺â ¹ trã„æ'm Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng con hã†â ° The seniors are really the bearers of the convention and the exemplification of information and intelligence. (Huynh, n.d.). As a rule, requesting consent in Vietnam and English talking nations assume the significant job in each discourse circumstance independent of culture. With respect to recurrence number of language capacities, Soehartono Sianne show that There are four language works that never happen in the consent articulations communicated to the instructor as the unrivaled (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). They are: (1): Suggesting a strategy (2): Requesting others to accomplish something (3): Advising others to accomplish something (4): Instructing/guiding others to accomplish something By having broke down the information, Soehartono Sianne discover the transcendent capacity looking for consent and infer that: Seeking authorization work is trailed by saying 'sorry' work that utilizations to show that they are in the lower position and revealing capacity that is utilized to persuade the power. (Soehartono Sianne, 2003). With regards to this article, its motivation is to efficiently look at Vietnamese and English asking and offering consent to draw out certain likenesses and contrasts as far as syntactic and semantic equations and meet the necessities of language instructing and learning. In English language, the most recognizable syntactic examples are Would i be able to obtain your pen? Would he be able to utilize your telephone charger? (Question head + S + Verb state with exposed infinitive?) Would it be OK in the event that I obtain/acquired your pen? Would it be okay in the event that he utilizes/utilized your telephone charger? (Question head + S + Verb state with straightforward present or past subjunctive?) Do you mind on the off chance that I acquire/obtained your pen? Okay psyche in the event that she utilizes/utilized your telephone charger? (Question head + S + Verb express with straightforward present or past subjunctive?) In the mean time, syntactic recipes utilized to request authorization in Vietnamese language is very constrained. The most ordinarily happening designs are: (1) T㠡⠻†º dã ¹ng Ä‘i㠡⠻†¡n tho㠡⠺â ¡i c㠡⠺â ­u nhã ©? (Would i be able to utilize your cellphone?) (2) Em ng㠡⠻â€Å"i Ä‘ã ¢y Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ £c khã'ng ch㠡⠻†¹? (Would it be alright on the off chance that I stay here?) (3) Con cã ³ th㠡⠻æ' Ä‘i chã†â ¡i v㠡⠻†ºi b㠡⠺â ¡n m㠡⠻â„ ¢t chã ºt Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ £c khã'ng m㠡⠺â ¹? Con s㠡⠺â ½ v㠡⠻⠁ li㠡⠻⠁n. (May I go out with my companion for some time, Mom? I guarantee to return home soon.) In Vietnamese language, there is a low recurrence of the structures containing if. Indeed, even they are rarely utilized. For Vietnamese individuals, the most generally utilized syntactic examples in English Would it be alright on the off chance that I obtain your pen? or then again Do you mind in the event that I utilize your telephone charger? are the uncommon examples for the discourse demonstration of requesting consent. It is on the grounds that that we can not make an interpretation of two above expressions into Vietnamese Would it be alright on the off chance that I acquire your pen? ( Cã ³ Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ £c khã'ng n㠡⠺â ¿u mã ¬nh s㠡⠻â ­ d㠡⠻â ¥ng bã ºt mã ¡y c㠡â »a b㠡⠺â ¡n?) Do you mind on the off chance that I utilize your telephone charger? (B㠡⠺â ¡n

Film Review of Sybil Ludington Movie (2010)

Film Review of Sybil Ludington Movie (2010) You will never do anything in this world without courage. It is the greatest quality of the mind next to honor, Aristotle. What would you do if your country was counting on you? If you had a message that only you could deliver? Thats the story of sixteen-year-old Sybil Ludingtons famous midnight ride which was reflected in the movie as well. Sybil Ludington was an American Revolutionary War Woman who became famous for her horseback over 40 miles ride through a stormy, rainy night through upstate New York to warn militia that British troops were raiding and burning Danbury, Connecticut and to save the country during the Revolutionary War. While tucking in her 7 younger siblings, she heard that her fathers troupes needed to be rounded up to stop a surprise British attack. What makes her ride even more impressive than that of Paul Reveres ride is that she was just a kid of sixteen when she heroically rode a treacherous forty miles during the middle of the night. To find out where her route took her, how she fended off outlaws during her ride and see the incredible journey of the young girl, we advise you to watch the movie. Through this film we find the story of a family, their neighbors, and friends, as they face the dynamics of the Revolution and lived their lives with courage, faith, and determination. Its inspiring story touches the lives of those who embrace it, as Sybil, the oldest of 12 siblings, embraces her brothers and sisters, confronts the challenges before her and stands with her father as he faces a ‘price on his head’ by the British. Sybil Ludington courageously stands face to face with the war that filled the land she lived and loved with determination. Sybil Ludington’s Legacy The movie of Sybil inspires and encourages all to boldly go after what has been set before them to do with courage and faith. It inspires families and youth that what they have before them to do can make a difference for not only themselves, those around them, but their country. Sybil was congratulated for her heroism by friends and neighbors and also by General George Washington. It is not known whether during her lifetime any attention was given to her ride. In 1935 the New York State Education Department posted historical markers tracing Sibyl’s probable route and her home site. Just before the bicentennial of the American Revolution in 1976, Sybil Ludington was adopted as a symbol by the National Woman’s Party for use in campaigning for an equal rights amendment, and in 1975 Ludington became the thirty-fifth woman to be honored on a United States postal stamp. Dramas, an opera, and a marathon have been named for her. Each April since 1979, the Sybil Ludington 50-kilometer run has been held in Carmel, New York. The course of this hilly road race approximates Sybil’s historic ride, and finishes near her statue at Carmel, New York. Moreover, Ludingtons hometown, once named Fredericksburg, was renamed Ludingtonville to honor Sybils heroic acts. What is also interesting is the fact that Sybil has received a bit more acclaim for the ride that she madeâ€"there have been books written about her and even a board game where players follow her overnight path. The heroism of such a young girl was so powerful that Anna Hyatt Huntington decided to eternalize it. The bronze statue of Sibyl on her horse Star, sculpted by Anna Hyatt Huntington, was dedicated in 1961 on the shore of Lake Gleneida in Carmel, New York with smaller replicas in Danbury and at the Washington, DC headquarters of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Sybil was a brave young woman who are the idol to many brave young women. Americans should be thankful for what she did for her country. Now she is considered an American hero as she is a wonderful example of courage and faith. The courage to make a difference, the courage to stand, the courage to bring about change this is what the movie of Sybil is about. As Maxwell Maltz said ”We must have courage to bet on our ideas, to take the calculated risk, and to act. Everyday living requires courage if life is to be effective and bring happiness”. That’s is why Sybils tale will always stay in America’s memory and will live on!

Study Skills For English Language Beginners

Learning any language takes practice - lots of practice! Often, its difficult to know what you should practice. Should you watch a video? Perhaps, it would be a good idea to do a few quizzes. Of course, you should try to speak English with your friends. All of these are great ideas, but its also important to build a routine. A routine will help you make studying English a habit. Thats the best way to improve your English! Make Learning a Habit Its important to be exposed to many different areas every day. However, you shouldnt try to study too many different subjects. These suggestions take a short listening and reading as the basis for daily practice. You are trying to learn many new things, so dont try to learn too much in any one area too quickly! Listen - 10 Minutes There are a number of beginning level listening selections that you can use on this site. Books written for children are also a great idea. Here are some suggestions for free childrens books that you can listen to on your computer: Read - 10 Minutes Choose a subject you like to read about and read for fun. You can find beginning level reading here on the site. These sites also offer easy English reading selections. Simple English NewsEasy English Times Improve your Vocabulary - 5 Minutes Take five minutes to write down all the new words you find in your listening and reading exercises. Keep a notebook, and write in the translation in your native language. Grammar - 5 - 10 Minutes Think about what you are studying in English class (if you are taking it). Or, if you are studying by yourself, take out your grammar book and find one grammar point to review. You can also use the beginner grammar resources at this site. Take a quick look at the grammar and then think about the listening and your reading. Did you hear or read these forms? How were they used? Speaking - 5 Minutes It is very important to move your mouth and speak! Even if you only speak to yourself. Take five minutes and speak out loud (not silently). Try to quickly summarize what you listened to and what you read. Can you do it? Of course, its better if you can do this with a friend. Find a friend and study together a few times a week. You can practice together. Thats it! Approximately thirty minutes a day, every day - or at least four times a week! If you continue to do this, you will be surprised at how quickly your English improves! Of course, there are much more ways to improve your English. However, make a habit of doing these simple exercises at least four times a week. When you have questions come to this site and use the beginning English resources, or use your grammar book. Watch a video online, try to use English in every way you can - even if the language is too difficult.

Great Expectations By Charles Dickens Essay - 2131 Words

In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, Joe Gargery is a blacksmith in the marsh town and lives with Mrs. Joe, Pip s sister. He isn t healthy and just barely supports Pip and Mrs. Joe, but he works hard to do everything he can. Joe is quiet and not an outgoing person but he seems to find ways to show people how he is forgiving and very honest. Joe shows that he has the passion and emotion to change someone s attitude towards others, such as Pip. Joes childhood was full abuse from his father and trying to survive life. He never got an education because he needed to survive without his father growing up. His father made Joe realize that if you re cruel and not caring, the life you live won t be real. The Victorian era was brutal because if you didn t have an education it was tough to get a job, and if you didn t have money, you weren t considered a â€Å"gentlemen†. Being a gentlemen in the Victorian era meant you have earned respect and improved on your social status. Joe pr oves that he did everything himself and experienced what is was like having responsibilities growing up and not having everything handed to you. He cares for other and shows that if someone is in need he will do anything to help. Joe Gargery should be considered a gentleman because he is the of the only characters in Great Expectations that is true to himself hardworking, compassionate and forgiving. Joe is a caring friend and role model to Pip. His relationship with Pip turns more into a friendshipShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1344 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that is not what they truly need? Often, they use social class to fill a void in their lives that can not be filled by materiali stic possessions. Many people realize this, but it is often too late. Charles Dickens demonstrates the effects of social climbing in his novel, Great Expectations. This novel explores the connections and effects of human nature and society, which are the two most powerful forces that guide people’s decisions. Some may say that social climbing is good, but as will beRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardships provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectat ions by Charles Dickens1285 Words   |  6 PagesAP Great Book Assignment: Great Expectations The 544-page, Bildungsroman novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is considered a classic because it has stood the test of time, appealing to generation after generation of readers while still remaining relevant to them. Published in 1861, Dickens created a coming-of-age story that is similar to his other novel, David Copperfield, but Great Expectations is considered to have reflected parts of his own life. There are several parallels betweenRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginni ng of the novel. From the opening of

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(23) " voice from the crowd\." Chapter 6 When we got back to Nazareth we expected to find Joshua’s mother hysterical with worry, but on the contrary, she had gathered Joshua’s brothers and sisters outside of their house, lined them up, and was washing their faces and hands as if preparing them for the Sabbath meal. â€Å"Joshua, help me get the little ones ready, we are all going to Sepphoris.† Joshua was shocked. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"We are?† â€Å"The whole village is going to ask the Romans to release Joseph.† James was the only one of the children who seemed to understand what had happened to their father. There were tear tracks on his cheeks. I put my arm around his shoulders. â€Å"He’ll be fine,† I said, trying to sound cheerful. â€Å"Your father is strong, they’ll have to torture him for days before he gives up the ghost.† I smiled encouragingly. James broke out of my embrace and ran into the house crying. Mary turned and glared at me. â€Å"Shouldn’t you be with your family, Biff?† Oh my breaking heart, my bruised ego. Even though Mary had taken position as my emergency backup wife, I was crestfallen at her disapproval. And to my credit, not once during that time of trouble did I wish harm to come to Joseph. Not once. After all, I was still too young to take a wife, and some creepy elder would swoop Mary up before I had a chance to rescue her if Joseph died before I was fourteen. â€Å"Why don’t you go get Maggie,† Joshua suggested, taking only a second from his mission of scrubbing the skin off his brother Judah’s face. â€Å"Her family will want to go with us.† â€Å"Sure,† I said, and I scampered off to the blacksmith’s shop in search of approval from my primary wife-to-be. When I arrived, Maggie was sitting outside of her father’s shop with her brothers and sisters. She looked as frightened as she had when we first witnessed the murder. I wanted to throw my arms around her to comfort her. â€Å"We have a plan,† I said. â€Å"I mean, Joshua has a plan. Are you going to Sepphoris with everyone else?† â€Å"The whole family,† she said. â€Å"My father has made nails for Joseph, they’re friends.† She tossed her head, pointing toward the open shed that housed her father’s forge. Two men were working over the forge. â€Å"Go ahead, Biff. You and Joshua go on ahead. We’ll be along later.† She started waving me away and mouthing words silently to me, which I didn’t pick up. â€Å"What are you saying? What? What?† â€Å"And who is your friend, Maggie?† A man’s voice, coming from near the forge. I looked over and suddenly realized what Maggie had been trying to tell me. â€Å"Uncle Jeremiah, this is Levi bar Alphaeus. We call him Biff. He has to go now.† I started backing away from the killer. â€Å"Yes, I have to go.† I looked at Maggie, not knowing what to do. â€Å"I’ll – we – I have to – â€Å" â€Å"We’ll see you in Sepphoris,† Maggie said. â€Å"Right,† I said, then I turned and dashed away, feeling more like a coward than I ever have in my life. When we got back to Sepphoris there was a large gathering of Jews, perhaps two hundred, outside of the city walls, most I recognized as being from Nazareth. No mob mentality here, more a fearful gathering. More than half of those gathered were women and children. In the middle of the crowd, a contingent of a dozen Roman soldiers pushed back the onlookers while two slaves dug a grave. Like my own people, the Romans did not dally with their dead. Unless there was a battle ongoing, Roman soldiers were often put in the ground before the corpse was cool. Joshua and I spotted Maggie standing between her father and her murderous uncle at the edge of the crowd. Joshua took off toward her. I followed, but before I got close, Joshua had taken Maggie’s hand and dragged her into the midst of the crowd. I could see Jeremiah trying to follow them. I dove into the mass and crawled under people’s feet until I came upon a pair of hobnail boots which indicated the lower end of a Roman soldier. The other end, equally Roman, was scowling at me. I stood up. â€Å"Semper fido,† I said in my best Latin, followed by my most charming smile. The soldier scowled further. Suddenly there was a smell of flowers in my nose and sweet, warm lips brushed my ear. â€Å"I think you just said ‘always dog,'† Maggie whispered. â€Å"That would be why he’s looking so unpleasant then?† I said out the side of my charming smile. In my other ear another familiar, if not so sweet whisper, â€Å"Sing, Biff. Remember the plan,† Joshua said. â€Å"Right.† And so I let loose with one of my famous dirges. â€Å"La-la-la. Hey Roman guy, too bad about your getting stabbed. La-la-la. It’s probably not a message from God or nothing. La-la-la. Telling you that maybe you should have gone home, la, la, la. Instead of oppressing the chosen people who God hisownself has said that he likes better than you. Fa, la, la, la.† The soldier didn’t speak Aramaic, so the lyrics didn’t move him as I had hoped. But I think the hypnotic toe-tappiness of the melody was starting to get him. I plunged into my second verse. â€Å"La-la-la, didn’t we tell you that you shouldn’t eat pork, la-la. Although looking at wounds in your chest, a dietary change might not have made that big a difference. Boom shaka-laka-laka-laka, boom shaka-laka-lak. Come on, you know the words!† â€Å"Enough!† The soldier was yanked aside and Gaius Justus Gallicus stood before us, flanked by two of his officers. Behind him, stretched out on the ground, was the body of the dead soldier. â€Å"Well done, Biff,† Joshua whispered. â€Å"We’re offering our services as professional mourners,† I said with a grin, which the centurion was eager not to return. â€Å"That soldier doesn’t need mourners, he has avengers.† A voice from the crowd. You read "Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"See here, Centurion, release Joseph of Nazareth. He is no murderer.† Justus turned and the crowd parted, leaving a path between him and the man who had spoken up. It was Iban the Pharisee, standing with several other Pharisees from Nazareth. â€Å"Would you take his place?† Justus asked. The Pharisee backed away, his resolve melting quickly under the threat. â€Å"Well?† Justus stepped forward and the crowd parted around him. â€Å"You speak for your people, Pharisee. Tell them to give me a killer. Or would you rather I crucify Jews until I get the right one?† Iban was flustered now, and began jabbering a mishmash of verses from the Torah. I looked around and saw Maggie’s uncle Jeremiah standing only a few paces behind me. When I caught his eye he slipped his hand under his shirt – to the haft of a knife, I had no doubt. â€Å"Joseph didn’t kill that soldier!† Joshua shouted. Justus turned to him and the Pharisees took the opportunity to scramble to the back of the crowd. â€Å"I know that,† Justus said. â€Å"You do?† â€Å"Of course, boy. No carpenter killed that soldier.† â€Å"How do you know that?† I asked. Justus motioned to one of his legionnaires and the soldier came forward carrying a small basket. The centurion nodded and the soldier upended the basket. The stone effigy of Apollo’s severed penis thudded to the ground in front of us. â€Å"Uh-oh,† I said. â€Å"Because it was a stonecutter,† Justus said. â€Å"My, that is impressive,† Maggie said. I noticed that Joshua was edging toward the body of the soldier. I needed to distract Justus. â€Å"Aha,† I said, â€Å"someone beat the soldier to death with a stone willie. Obviously the work of a Greek or a Samaritan – no Jew would touch such a thing.† â€Å"They wouldn’t?† Maggie asked. â€Å"Jeez, Maggie.† â€Å"I think you have something to tell me, boy,† Justus said. Joshua had laid hands on the dead soldier. I could feel everyone’s eyes on me. I wondered where Jeremiah was now. Was he behind me, ready to silence me with a knife, or had he made his escape? Either way, I couldn’t say a word. The Sicarii did not work alone. If I gave up Jeremiah I’d be dead by a Sicarii dagger before the Sabbath. â€Å"He can’t tell you, Centurion, even if he knew,† said Joshua, who had moved back to Maggie’s side. â€Å"For it is written in our holy books that no Jew shall rat out another Jew, regardless of what a weasel one or the other shall be.† â€Å"Is that written?† Maggie whispered. â€Å"Is now,† Joshua whispered back. â€Å"Did you just call me a weasel?† I asked. â€Å"Behold!† A woman at the front of the crowd was pointing to the dead soldier. Another screamed. The corpse was moving. Justus turned toward the commotion and I took the opportunity to look around for Jeremiah. He was still there behind me, only a few people back, but he was staring gape-jawed at the dead soldier, who was currently standing up and dusting off his tunic. Joshua was concentrating intently on the soldier, but there was none of the sweating or trembling that we had seen at the funeral in Japhia. To his credit, Justus, although he seemed frightened at first, stood his ground as the corpse ambled stiff-legged toward him. The other soldiers were backing away, along with all of the Jews except Maggie, Joshua, and me. â€Å"I need to report an attack, sir,† the once-dead soldier said, performing a very jerky Roman salute. â€Å"You’re – you’re dead,† Justus said. â€Å"Am not.† â€Å"You have knife wounds all over your chest.† The soldier looked down, touched the wounds gingerly, then looked back to his commander. â€Å"Seems I have been nicked, sir.† â€Å"Nicked? Nicked? You’ve been stabbed half a dozen times. You’re dead as dirt.† â€Å"I don’t think so, sir. Look, I’m not even bleeding.† â€Å"That’s because you’ve bled out, son. You’re dead.† The soldier began to stagger now, started to fall, and caught himself. â€Å"I am feeling a little woozy. I was attacked last night sir, near where they are building that Greek’s house. There, he was there.† He pointed to me. â€Å"And him too.† He pointed to Joshua. â€Å"And the little girl.† â€Å"These boys attacked you?† I could hear scuffling behind me. â€Å"No, not them, that man over there.† The soldier pointed to Jeremiah, who looked around like a trapped animal. Everyone was so intent on watching the miracle of the talking corpse that they had frozen in place. The killer couldn’t push his way through the crowd to get away. â€Å"Arrest him!† Justus commanded, but his soldiers were equally stunned by the resurrection of their cohort. â€Å"Now that I think of it,† the dead soldier said, â€Å"I do remember being stabbed.† No outlet from the crowd, Jeremiah turned toward his accuser and drew a blade from under his shirt. This seemed to snap the other soldiers out of their trance, and they began advancing on the killer from different angles, swords drawn. At the sight of the blade, everyone had moved away from the killer, leaving him isolated with no path open but toward us. â€Å"No master but God!† he shouted, then three quick steps and he leapt toward us, his knife raised. I dove on top of Maggie and Joshua, hoping to shield them, but even as I waited for the sharp pain between my shoulder blades, I heard the killer scream, then a grunt, then a protracted moan that ran out of air with a pathetic squeal. I rolled over to see Gaius Justus Gallicus with his short sword sunk to the hilt in the solar plexus of Jeremiah. The killer had dropped his knife and was standing there looking at the Roman’s sword hand, looking somewhat offended by it. He sank to his knees. Justus yanked his sword free, then wiped the blade on Jeremiah’s shirt before stepping back and letting the killer fall forward. â€Å"That was him,† the dead soldier said. â€Å"Bastard kilt me.† He fell forward next to his killer and lay still. â€Å"Much better than last time, Josh,† I said. â€Å"Yes, much better,† Maggie said. â€Å"Walking and talking. You had him going.† â€Å"I felt good, confident, but it was a team effort,† Joshua said. â€Å"I couldn’t have done it without everyone giving it their all, including God.† I felt something sharp against my cheek. With the tip of his sword, Justus guided my gaze to Apollo’s stone penis, which lay in the dirt next to the two corpses. â€Å"And do you want to explain how that happened?† â€Å"The pox?† I ventured. â€Å"The pox can do that,† Maggie said. â€Å"Can rot it right off.† â€Å"How do you know that?† Joshua asked her. â€Å"Just guessing. I’m sure glad that’s all over.† Justus let his sword fall to his side with a sigh. â€Å"Go home. All of you. By order of Gaius Justus Gallicus, under-commander of the Sixth Legion, commander of the Third and Fourth Centuries, under authority of Emperor Tiberius and the Roman Empire, you are all commanded to go home and perpetrate no weird shit until I have gotten well drunk and had several days to sleep it off.† â€Å"So you’re going to release Joseph?† Maggie asked. â€Å"He’s at the barracks. Go get him and take him home.† â€Å"Amen,† said Joshua. â€Å"Semper fido,† I added in Latin. Joshua’s little brother Judah, who was seven by then, ran around the Roman barracks screaming â€Å"Let my people go! Let my people go!† until he was hoarse. (Judah had decided early on that he was going to be Moses when he grew up, only this time Moses would get to enter the promised land – on a pony.) As it turned out, Joseph had been waiting for us at the Venus Gate. He looked a little confused, but otherwise unharmed. â€Å"They say that a dead man spoke,† Joseph said. Mary was ecstatic. â€Å"Yes, and walked. He pointed out his murderer, then he died again.† â€Å"Sorry,† Joshua said, â€Å"I tried to make him live on, but he only lasted a minute.† Joseph frowned. â€Å"Did everyone see what you did, Joshua?† â€Å"They didn’t know it was my doing, but they saw it.† â€Å"I distracted everyone with one of my excellent dirges,† I said. â€Å"You can’t risk yourself like that,† Joseph said to Joshua. â€Å"It’s not the time yet.† â€Å"If not to save my father, when?† â€Å"I’m not your father.† Joseph smiled. â€Å"Yes you are.† Joshua hung his head. â€Å"But I’m not the boss of you.† Joseph’s smile widened to a grin. â€Å"No, I guess not,† Joshua said. â€Å"You needn’t have worried, Joseph,† I said. â€Å"If the Romans had killed you I would have taken good care of Mary and the children.† Maggie punched me in the arm. â€Å"Good to know,† Joseph said. On the road to Nazareth, I got to walk with Maggie a few paces behind Joseph and his family. Maggie’s family was so distraught over what had happened to Jeremiah that they didn’t even notice she wasn’t with them. â€Å"He’s much stronger than he was the last time,† Maggie said. â€Å"Don’t worry, he’ll be a mess tomorrow: ‘Oh, what did I do wrong. Oh, my faith wasn’t strong enough. Oh, I am not worthy of my task.’ He’ll be impossible to be around for a week or so. We’ll be lucky if he stops praying long enough to eat.† â€Å"You shouldn’t make fun of him. He’s trying very hard.† â€Å"Easy for you to say, you won’t have to hang out with the village idiot until Josh gets over this.† â€Å"But aren’t you touched by who he is? What he is?† â€Å"What good would that do me? If I was basking in the light of his holiness all of the time, how would I take care of him? Who would do all of his lying and cheating for him? Even Josh can’t think about what he is all of the time, Maggie.† â€Å"I think about him all of the time. I pray for him all of the time.† â€Å"Really? Do you ever pray for me?† â€Å"I mentioned you in my prayers, once.† â€Å"You did? How?† â€Å"I asked God to help you not to be such a doofus, so you could watch over Joshua.† â€Å"You meant doofus in an attractive way, right?† â€Å"Of course.† How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 6, Essay examples

Media Culture, and Society free essay sample

John R. Cain Rick Herder Media Culture Society 6 April 2009 Research Assignment #3 Topic: Is advertising ethical? Pro: Citation: Reast, Jon, Dayananda Palihawadana, and Haseeb Shabbir. â€Å"The Ethical Aspects of Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in the United Kingdom: Physician versus Consumer Views. Journal of Advertising Research 48. 3 (Sep. 2008): 450-464. Abstract: This article reports the findings of two surveys examining U. K. physician and consumer attitudes to the introduction of direct to consumer advertising (DTCA), and its likely impact, if implemented, in the strategically important U.K. prescription drug market. The findings, in general, suggest that neither physicians nor consumers are positively disposed to the advertising of prescriptions drugs, although significant differences in attitudes toward such policies emerged between the two groups based upon ethics and approval levels, ethics-related impacts, and the impact of unbranded disease aware ness campaigns. The findings for consumers and physicians do not at present support the extension of DTCA in the United Kingdom, but are supportive of a continuation of unbranded disease awareness campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Culture, and Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Guidance for practitioners within the established U. S. DTCA marketplace is also provided. Summation: There is no doubt that the purpose of advertising is to sell a product, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that it is unethical. In the realm of pharmaceutical advertising, drug manufactures not only promote their particular drugs, they also give valuable disease information that their product is supposed to treat or cure. These manufactures are not promoting a lifestyle to sell their product like other forms of advertisement but rather to prevent suffering and increase disease awareness. Critical Response: After reading this article I recalled those Valtrex ads that are used to prevent the spread of genital herpes. The Valtrex ad does not promote getting genital herpes in order for you to use their product, but rather more information concerning genital herpes itself. The company encourages safe sex practice to prevent getting the disease, but if you have herpes, it reminds you that there is help for you. Con: Citation: Hust, Stacey J. T. â€Å"Alcohol advertising and youth: themes, appeals and future directions.   International Journal of Advertising 25 (2006): 545-47. Abstract: This article discusses how alcohol ads are problematic for youth viewers. The difficulty is that many younger people cannot differentiate between the advertisement and reality. The real-life consequences and the advertising fantasy world are indistinguishable to youthful individuals. Analyses of such ads find that they include portrayals of risky activities with positive reinforcement of alcohol consumption. The author suggests that there be more research into the themes and appeals used in alcohol ads. Summation: The author concludes that alcohol advertisers are specifically targeting the youth. The author further concludes that the themes and appeals in alcohol advertising are very similar to the themes and appeals of milk and soda pop adds. The author contents that what appeals to a 13 year old would not appeal to a 24 year old, but yet there are great similarities in advertising of milk and soda pop with that of alcohol. Critical Response: The legal age to consume alcohol in the United States is twenty-one, but yet alcohol advertising is targeting people under the legal age. They are specifically using techniques to draw and lure kids to drink alcohol like they would do with soda pop. If this isn’t something that is unethical in advertising then I don’t know what is. Pro: Citation: Teinowitz, Ira. â€Å"Philip Morris USA slams ‘Truth’ ads from foundation. † Advertising Age 71. 7 (14 Feb. 2000): 3-71. Abstract: This article discusses issues about the funding efforts of Philip Morris USA toward the American Legacy Foundations anti-smoking advertising campaign and Web site programs as of February 2000. Philip Morriss comments were the first from the tobacco industry since the foundation launched its advertisements. The foundation is spending $300 million a year on the anti-smoking effort, with $185 million allocated to advertising and public relations activities. Funding is calculated based on market share, making Philip Morris the largest contributor to the long-term effort. The company stated that the foundations Web site appears to conflict with requirements contained in the tobacco industrys agreement with state attorneys general to fund the foundation. The agreement stipulates that the foundation cannot vilify the industry. Summation: Philip Morris USA is the largest tobacco corporation in the world, but yet they are spending over $300 million per year to stop smoking. It has been proven that smoking causes detrimental effects on the health of those who smoke and as the result Philip Morris USA has been ordered by the courts to warn potential consumers of the dangers of their products. Philip Morris has decreased the number of pro-smoking advertisements and increased the numbers of anti-smoking advertisements. Critical Response: I didn’t know that Philip Morris USA was behind the â€Å"Truth† advertising campaign. Even though Philip Morris USA is in the business on getting people â€Å"hooked† on smoking, it is also doing a descent effort in preventing people from smoking. Perhaps this is because of court order, but still Philip Morris USA is actively warning people of the dangers of their products. If the manufacturer tells you their products are bad, and yet you still use those particular products, then you are to blame for the consequences of using that product. Con: Citation: Austin, Erica, Hust, Stacey. â€Å"The Content and Frequency of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverage Ads in Video and Magazines Popular Among Adolescents. † Conference Papers—International Communication Association. San Diego, 2003. 1-22. Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to compare the content of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage advertising content to which adolescents are exposed in the United States. Methods: A census of beverage advertising in popular magazines and on network television (n=757 ads) during the months of November, 1999-April, 2000 was analyzed for content and frequency. Results: By far, the most alcoholic beverage ads appeared in Sports Illustrated (110) followed by Rolling Stone (98) and Playboy (75). Alcohol advertising outnumbers non-alcohol advertising by a ratio of 3 to 1. All types of beverage ads emphasized relaxation and portrayals of young adults. Alcohol was almost never associated with dining. Ads rarely portrayed risky situations but frequently were placed in magazines featuring sports and sexually oriented content. Alcohol ads demonstrated an emphasis on sexual and social stereotyping of women, and a lack of ethnic and age-related diversity. Themes and settings of alcohol ads were similar to those present in non-alcohol ads. One of every six magazine alcohol ads, and one of every 14 video-based ads, appeared to target underage drinkers. Conclusions: Alcohol is advertised heavily in media outlets favored by youth. Alcohol advertisements also include many stereotypes and many elements known to appeal to youth, particularly youth already at risk to drink alcohol. That themes in alcohol ads parallel those in non-alcohol ads may further increase youths receptivity. Summation: The authors studied both magazine and video advertising and found that the number of alcohol ads outnumber non-alcohol ads 3 to 1. These ads promote and enforce positive beliefs about drinking while not promoting the negative effects. They have also found that the primary age group portrayed in these ads is that of the youth, not middle-aged adults. They have also concluded that the content of these ads are not associated with dining but rather with sex, relaxation, romance, and adventure, which are all things that appeal to younger audiences. Critical Response: Alcohol advertisers are definitely using unethical techniques to target the youth. They know what types of programs that young people watch and it’s not hard to see an alcohol add on the television during youth programming. Alcohol advertisers are not the only ones doing this either. Cigarette producers have been targeting the youth for years.